Organizational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Organizational Culture - Essay Example For example, there are differences between Chinese customers’ role in influencing organizational culture as compared to Canadian customers. This section seeks to address the differences and the corresponding organizational cultures of the two business environments. The entire Chinese market is customer influenced and organizational cultures, local and foreign have to adapt to the customers’ perspective of culture (Cameron and Quinn, 2011). Organizations have two explicit environments that they must be aware of and be ready to manage subsequently. Firstly, the internal environment involves the manner in which the organization is run and how processes are approached from a routinely perspective rather from policy perspective (Campbell and GÃ ¶ritz, 2014). The development of routines in leadership, process control, performance appraisals, and development of competitive strategies define the characteristics of the organization and the overall defining culture. Secondly, the external environment comprises mainly of shareholders whose role is to provide financial support through the acquisition of organizational stakes. The investors influence organizational culture in terms of their expectations and contribution to the organization in both financial and intelligence levels (Dalkir, 2011). All for-profit and non-profit organizations have different tools for appraising performance. Performance is an organizational measurement tool for success and involves participation of management and other stakeholders such as employees. In this case, the coordination among stakeholders, the rewarding systems, the disciplinary measures, and promotional strategies defines the performance dimension of organizational culture (Flamholtz & Randle,

Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant

Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Thin Films Using Two Dopant G T Yusuf, MA Raimi, O.E Alaje  and AK Kazeem Abstract The undoped ZnO, Al doped ZnO and Mg doped ZnO films were deposited by a sol-gel spin coating method onto the glass substrates. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (3:1) was prepared. Equal quantity of Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution to serve as dopants. The effect of Aluminum and Magnesium doping on the optical ZnO films was studied. The transparency properties of all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). The optical band gap of pure ZnO thin film is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. All film parameters changed with dopant types. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect. Keywords: Band gap; Doping; Films; Transmittance. Introduction In this Zinc oxide is an II-VI n-type semiconductor with band gap of approximately 3.3 eV at room temperature and a hexagonal wurtzite structure [1]. Recently, doped zinc oxide thin films have been widely studied for their application as conducting electrode materials in flat-panel displays or solar devices. Unlike the more commonly used indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide is a non-toxic and inexpensive material [1]. Furthermore, pure zinc oxide films are highly transparent in the visible range (light wavelength of 400-700 nm) and have high electrical conductivity. However, non-stoichiometric or impurity (Group III elements or Group IV elements) doped zinc oxide films have electrical conductivities as well as high optical transparent. Non-stoichiometric zinc oxide films have unstable electrical properties at high temperature because the sheet resistance of ZnO thin films increases under either oxygen chemisorptions and desorption [9] or heat treatment in vacuum or in ambient oxygen pressure at 3000C-4000C [27]. Turning to impurity doped ZnO thin films, unlike non-stoichiometric ZnO thin films, impurity doped ZnO thin films possess stable electrical and optical properties. Among the zinc oxide films doped with group II elements such as barium, aluminum, gallium and indium, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films show the lowest electrical resistivity [11]. Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) has a low resistivity of 2.4Ãâ€"10-4 ÃŽ © cm [11-13], which is quite similar to that of ITO films, which is about 1.2Ãâ€"10-4 ÃŽ © cm [14-16] and AZO also shows good optical transmission in the visible and near infrared (IR) regions. Thus, AZO films have been used as transparent conducting electrodes in solar cells [16, 8]. In addition to doping with Group III elements, doping ZnO with Group IV elements such as [9, 10] Ge, Sn, Ti, Si is also a good way to obtain low resistivity transparent materials in order to replace ITO because Ge, Ti, Zr could substitute on the Zn atom site. For example, Sn can serve as a doubly ionized donor with the incorporation of SnO2 as a solute in ZnO and, consequently, provide a high electron carrier concentration. It is, therefore, expected that the Sn doped ZnO (SZO) will have a higher electrical conductivity and better field emission properties compared with undoped ZnO [10]. A variety of techniques such as DC or RF magnetron sputtering [2], electron beam evaporation [19,20], pulsed laser deposition [21], spray pyrolysis [22,23], chemical vapor deposition [24] and sol–gel processing [25–34,5] have successfully been developed to prepare zinc oxide thin films. Among them, the sol–gel spin coating method is simpler and cost effective. Traditionally, AZO films prepared by this method follow the non-alkoxide route, using metal salts such as acetates, nitrates or chlorides as precursor and dopant, respectively. In addition, organic solvent, such as methanol [20,21], ethanol [16], isopropanol [14], methoxyethanol [11], ethyl glycol and glycerol [10] are widely employed by introducing monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) or tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as stabilizer [10,11,30]. Recently, few studies had reported on the growth of the ZnO thin films with different dopants using sol gel spin coating technique. Therefore, the aim of this research works however is to study the optical and electrical properties of zinc oxide thin films using different dopants with locally fabricated sol gel spin coating technique. Experimental The films have been deposited onto the glass substrates at 400  °C substrate temperature. 0.3M solution of zinc acetate dehydrates diluted in methanol and deionized water (3:1) were prepared and divided into three portions. Aluminum chloride and tin chloride were added to each solution as dopants. A few drops of acetic acid were added to improve the clarity of solution. The concentration of dopants (aluminum chloride AlCl3 ·6H2O, magnesium nitrate hexahydrate [Mg (NO3)2.6H2O and was 3% and kept constant for all experiments. The starting solutions were mixed thoroughly with magnetic stirrer and filtered by WHATMAN filter paper. The solutions were then spin coated on glass substrates which have been procleaned with detergent and then in methanol and acetone for 10min each using ELA 110277248E/2510E-MT ultrasonic cleaner and then cleaned with de ionized water and heated on hot plate for 600C. The coating solutions were dropped onto the glass substrate which was rotated at 4000rpm 45 each by using Ws- 400 Bz – 6NPP/AS spin coater. After depositing by spin coating, the films were then dried at 3000C for 15minutes in a furnace to evapourate the solvent and remove organic residuals. The optical and electrical properties of the films at each time were investigated. The films were then inserted into a tube furnace and annealed in air at 7500C for 1 hour each. The optical transmission and reflectance of the films were examined by spectrophotometer ranging from 400 to 1000nm. The transmittance T and reflectance R data was used to calculate absorption coefficients of the AZO films at different wavelengths. The relationship between transmittance T, reflectance R, absorption coefficient, ÃŽ ±, and thickness d of the film is given by equation (1). (1) The absorption coefficient data was used to determine energy band gap, Eg , using equation (2). (2) Where is the photon energy, A is a constant thus, a plot of against is a curve line whose intercept on the energy axis gives the energy gap. The band energy gap of the film was then determined by extrapolating the linear regions on the energy axis. The absorption coefficient,, associated with the strong absorption region of the film was calculated from absorbance A and the film thickness, t, using (3). (3) The extinction coefficient, k, was evaluated from (4) (4) Where the wavelength of the incident radiation and, t is, is the thickness of the film. The crystal phase of the films was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The refractive index of the films was determined from the maxima and minima of the reflectance curve. (5) Where n is the refractive index, d is the film thickness (nm), is the wavelength (nm) of the incident light, and k is the interference order (an odd integer for maxima and even integer for minima). Results The crystal structure of ZnO films was investigated through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction spectrum of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO film annealed at 7500C with prominent reflection planes is shown in figure 1.The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO patterns from the JCPDS data (Powder Diffraction File, Card no: 36-1451) having hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982Ã…, c=5.20661Ã….The presence of prominent peaks shows that the film is polycrystalline in nature. The lattice constants ‘a’ and ‘c’ of the Wurtzite structure of the films were calculated using the relations (6) and (7). a= √à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å".ÃŽ »/sin ÃŽ ¸(6) c= ÃŽ »/sin ÃŽ ¸(7) Figure 2 shows the optical transmittance spectra of ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO thin films in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm. The transparency properties of all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. The overall spectra shows an emission band with two obvious peaks, where the first peak, the UV peak which also called the emission or near band edge emission contributed to the free exciton recombination [18]. The second broad peak, also known as the green emission corresponds to the recombination of a photon generated hole with an electron in singly ionized [18]. Figure 1: X-ray diffraction patterns for ZnO thin film for aluminum and magnesium dopants The optical absorbance spectrum measured within the wavelength range of 300–800 nm using a Shimadzu Spectrophotometer is shown in figure 3. Figure 2: Optical Transmittance of the films for aluminum and magnesium dopants Approximately, the band gap alteration of the thin film can be deduced from Figure 3. Here, it evidently shows that changes in the absorption edges are in parallel with types of dopant in the thin film. In order to appropriately estimate the optical band gap equation (2) was used. The presence of a single slope in the plot suggests that the films have direct and allowed transition. It is also well known that ZnO is a direct band-gap material [1] and the energy gap (Eg) can thus be estimated by assuming direct transition between conduction band and valance bands. Theory of optical absorption gives the relationship between the absorption coefficients ÃŽ ± and the photon energy hÃŽ ½ for direct allowed transition as shown in (2) The direct band gap determined using this equation when linear portion of the (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 against hÃŽ ½ plot is extrapolated to intersect the energy axis at ÃŽ ± = 0. Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 against hÃŽ ½ for undoped, Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are shown in f igure 3. The optical band of pure ZnO is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect [2-5]. For AZO films, compared to pure ZnO films, the contribution from Al3+ ions on substitution sites of Zn2+ ions and Al interstitial atoms determines the widening of the band gap caused by increase in carrier concentration. This is the well-known Burstein–Moss effect and is due to the Fermi level moving into the conduction band. Since doping increases the carrier concentration in the conduction band, the optical band-gap energy increases [2]. Enhancement of band gap thus also ensures that doping was successfully carried out in the ZnO thin films. It is further observed in our present work that an increase in band gap occurs in Mg- doped film as compared with ZnO and Al-ZnO thin films. The absorption properties of the films in UV range are due to the behaviour of ZnO intrinsic optical band gap energy. An absorption coefficient in the UV region significantly varies with types of dopant used. The result suggests improvement in the optical absorption in the UV region with nature of dopant, which provides useful information especially in the optoelectronic devices and device fabrication. . Figure 3: Plot of (ÃŽ ±hÃŽ ½)2 vs. photon energy (in eV) for aluminum and magnesium as dopants Conclusions Transparent conducting thin films (ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO) have been deposited by sol–gel spin coating technique. The optical properties of these films were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that The peaks in the XRD spectrum correspond to those of the ZnO, Al-ZnO and Mg-ZnO structural patterns is that of hexagonal wurtzite structure with lattice constants a=3.24982Ã…, c=5.20661Ã…. The optical transmittance spectra in the wavelength range between 300 to 800 nm shows that all thin films are more than 80 % at a visible wavelength of (300-800 nm). It is observed that the transmittance varies with dopant types i.e. aluminum and magnesium. The optical band of pure ZnO is 3.12ev while the band gap for Al-doped ZnO and Mg-doped films are 3.16eV and 3.26eV respectively. The variation of optical band gap with doping is well described by Burstein–Moss effect. References [1] N Choudhury and B K Sarma, Bull. Matter. Sci. 32, 43 (2000) [2] E Burstein, Phys. Rev. 93, 632 (1954). [3] T S Moss, Proc. Phys. Soc. London B67, 775 (1954). [4] B E Sernelius, K F Berggren, Z C Jin, I Hamberg and C Granqvist, Phys. Rev. B37, 10244 (19 88). [5] R Cebulla, R Wendt and K Ellmer, J. Appl. Phys. 83, 1087 (1998). [6] B C Mohanty, Y H Jo, D H Yeon, I J Choi and Y S Cho, Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 62103 (2009). [7] S Gota, J R R Barrado, M Sanchez, N T Barrett, J Avila and M Sacchi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86,042104 (2005). [8] W Tang and D C Cameron, Thin Solid Films 238, 83 326 (1994). [9] Gà ¶pel, W. and U. Lampe, Influence of defects on the electronic structure of zinc oxide surfaces. Physical Review B, 22(12): 1980p. 6447. [10] Minami, T., H. Nanto, and S. Takata, Highly Conductive and Transparent Aluminum Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 23(Part 2, No. 1): p. L280. [11] Igasaki, Y. and H. Saito, The effects of deposition rate on the structural and electrical Properties of ZnO: Al films deposited on (112à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ bar 0) oriented sapphire substrates. Journal of Applied Physics, 1991. 70(7): p. 3613à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3619. [12] Minami, T., et al.., Group III Impurity Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 24(Part 2, No. 10): p. L781. [13] Kim, H., et al.., Effect of aluminum doping on zinc oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser Deposition for organic lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ emitting devices. Thin Solid Films, 2000. 377à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 378: p. 798à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 802. [14] Kim, H., et al.., Indium tin oxide thin films for organic lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ emitting devices. Applied Physics Letters, 1999. 74(23): p. 3444à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 3446. [15] Kim, H., et al.., Electrical, optical, and structural properties of indiumà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ tinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ oxide thin films for organic lightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ emitting devices. Journal of Applied Physics, 1999. 86(11): p. 6451à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 6461. [16] Kim, H., et al.., Electrical and optical properties of indium tin oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Applied Physics A: Materials Science Processing, 1999. 69(7). [17] Y E Lee, Y J Kim and H J Kim, J. Mater. Res. 13, 1260 (1998) [18] W.T. Yen, Y.C. Lin, P.C. Yao, J.H. Ke, Y.L. Chen, Thin Solid Films 518 (2010) 3882. [19] T. Minami, H. Nanto, S. Takata, Jpn. J. Appl. Sci. 23 (1984) L280. [20] D.R. Sahu, S.Y. Lin, J.L. Huang, Appl. Surf. Sci. 253 (2007) 4886. [21] H. Kim, A. Pique, J.S. Horwitz, H. Murata, Z.H. Kafafi, C.M. Gilmore, D.B. Chrisey, Thin Solid Films 377–378 (2009) 798. [22] M.A. Kaid, A. Ashour, Appl. Surf. 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Pablo Escobar Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

Pablo Escobar The paper traces Escobar's life from humble peasant beginnings to powerful cocaine drug dealer and kingpin. The paper discusses the sound financial decisions Escobar made as well as the way he invested in legitimate projects using the funds he gained illegally. The paper explores the influence Escobar had and the way he worked, ultimately unsuccessfully, to establish a no-extradition clause into the Colombian constitution. Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria was born on December 1 1949 and died on December 2, 1993. Pablo Escobar was a man of power and riches during his time in history. He become famous as a Colombian drug wholesaler . Pablo Escobar beacome so rich and powerful in the drug business that in 1989 , Forbes magazine had listed him as the seventh richest man in world. richest man in the world.He is actually considered to be one of the most most brutally cruel, determined and prevailing drug dealer in history. Pablo once told his mother that he wanted to be "big" someday but I don't think this was what she had in mind. Pablo started out making money by sneaking into grave yards at night and stealing the tombstones from the deceased he would then sand blast the engraving off of the tombstone and sell them as new grave markers to the Panamanians. By age twenty Pablo was also an accomplished car thief. His small time crimes would never amount to what he was going to become. His reputation grew after a well known Medellin drug dealer named Fabio Restrepo was murdered in 1975 ostensibly by Escobar,all of Restrepo's men were informed that they now worked for Pablo.. It was here that he began his pattern of dealing with the authorities by either bribing them or killing them. During the 1980s, Escobar ... ... special. He wanted to get to the top quickly and as a child decided he was not going to take the slow and steady path that law abiding citizens took. He began a life of crime, without regard to who he hurt and killed along the way. His eventual success in the community did not negate the means he used to gain that success however and when he tried to use his gained political popularity to change the constitution in a manner that would erase his past the public turned on him. He went to prison, escaped and died. Had Escobar not existed, the business aspects of the drug world would not be as organized as it is. He was able to develop solid financial and business practices in an illegal world. He left a mark in which is name will always be associated with the notorious drug lords of the world. Pablo Esobar wanted the good life, but he didn't care who he hurt to get it."

Analysis of pope joan Essay

The researcher analyzed Pope Joan’s life focusing on gender issues. The novel Pope joan written by donna wool folk cross is one of the keys to find the most important information and thus answer the questions and attain the objective of the study, also to gather the needed data library research and browsing various websites were done. This study aims to show how the pope upheld her empowerment in three levels of equality: conscientization, participation, and access. The study. The described how the Filipino women way of living differ to those women who live in the time of pope Joan’s time. Qualitative method of research was employed in the study.the novel pope Joan by donna wool folk cross served as the primary source of data. The study presented how pope Joan upheld women empowerment in different levels of equality. Based on the novel pope Joan build an institution for women named st.catherine to be able for them to learn and for them to have good reasons and be equal in decision making as well as to control the balance of power. these objectives of pope Joan contribute to the participation as one levels of equality. In the sense of conscientization, pope Joan corrected some cardinal priest as they preach that upon resurrection women’s imperfection would be remedied, eliminating that line might helpthe priest to achieve better effect with the female parishioners, pope Joan’s objective and mission did not affect the roman contemporary culture where conforming authority and power are played bt men, while women occupy the subordinate position in terms of access in levels of quality pope Joan rebuild the marcian aqueduct using the papal treasure for the health of poorest people in the city. She also applies her abilities and knowledge gain in fulda such good reasoning, and medical skill. In the light of the facts revealed, the researcher recommendation to improve critical thinking as well as raising of gender sensitivity awareness, students must have an open mind as they critically analyzed literary pieces on gender and development as they are future community leaders. Teacher of literature must consider instructional materials that will help in deeper understanding of the students on varied ways of advocating gender and women improvement and community.

Public vs. Private Policing

Public versus Private Policing CJA 500 April 19, 2010 Chris Bragg Public versus Private Policing In recent years, both the numbers of police officers in the United States has been declining. However, the rates for many white-collar crimes, such as computer crimes, employee theft, and fraud, are increasing. Public policing has been known to have a monopoly on policing until the increased trend in private policing in the United States. Public and private policing have many similarities as well as differences and the distinction between public and private police are often blurred. Public Policing Public policing has always been known as the frontline in protecting the society and one of their major assets is the public’s accountability. Recent studies have shown that to some people, a uniformed police can transmit a feeling of respect and security, and through that, he may even be preventing crime just by their presence. The role of public policing is governing both the future and the past: preventing crime and rendering justice with respect to past crimes. Its favored strategy is deterrence on punishment because punishment promises both to prevent crime and to exact a cost for misdeeds already done. Public policing must provide a full range of police services to the public. Public police are particularly experienced, trained, and skilled in the exercise of persuasive authority to command compliance with their safety orders and needs. They are also trained and effective in the use of tactics such as undercover policing, arrest, use of weaponry to protect themselves and the public as-needed, and investigation related to preparing cases for referral to the prosecutor. On the other hand, public police must be taught ‘how to’ do community policing, a type of policing that requires an entirely different approach and language. It requires a different manner of speaking and a different choice of words from traditional policing. It requires a different mindset and attitude toward the public, and a different kind of leadership from the top down. Community policing requires officers to stay put in one neighborhood and build long-term relationships with shoppers, residents, businesses, and employees. It requires officers to be much more proactive and friendly than normal, receptive to suggestions, and willing to use a participatory process to set at least some policing goals and priorities. It requires language not command-oriented and language that does not tend to escalate emotions or raise hackles of those being questioned and not in trouble, or those causing disturbances. It rarely requires arrest as the first resort. It usually requires conversation, negotiation, and mediation that move both parties toward the center, and toward a mutually satisfactory reduction of tempers and threats. Public policing is known to society as the police who protect our communities and arrest those individuals who commit crime. Public policing has the role to maintain law and order, preserve peace, and prevent crime. Public police are employed by governments and paid for by tax dollars and grants. Private Policing Private policing, while emerging as a new industry, is not a new phenomenon and predates the existence of public policing as witnessed today. Private police look and behave as if public police and describing their function often involves a comparison of the activities and responsibilities of the two. The increase of private policing has been in response to many changes in society such as the increase of â€Å"mass private property† in the form of large shopping complexes, cinemas, large retail stores, and large compound style housing estates or gated communities. These require constant surveillance for the safety of shoppers and residents. In fact, adequate security has become one of those value-added extras that attract customers and residents. Technological advances, such as high-tech video surveillance cameras, computers, mobile phones, and satellites have increased the need an increase of security personnel for monitoring, investigating, and analyzing. Private policing has been described in many aspects such as policing activity of crime prevention; detection and apprehension carried out by private organizations or agents for commercial purpose. Private policing includes those people who work for a security company or are employed by an individual or firm to carry out security work, crowd control, or private investigations. Private policing is provided by a private individual or organization, rather than by a public body or the state like public policing is. Private policing targets private crime and is in the business of protecting private and corporate interests. Private policing can serve as many different roles in our community. The major components of private security are alarm systems, security guards, and investigative services. The increase of security systems installed in cars, homes and businesses have said to be the deep-rooted needs to feel secure and to feel that their lives and property that are personally valued are protected, and that offenders can be identified and also obtained. Security has been considered to be a commodity, to be bought, and sold in the marketplace. The value of such a commodity reflects not only material criteria but also an inner human dimension of personal fear and feelings. Many individuals who are in the public eye also hire private security as bodyguards to protect themselves, along with their valuables. Security guards are on the frontline of public interaction and contact in private security. Security guards are used in shopping malls, factories, airports and many other venues that need to be monitored. Crowd control has been part of the private policing roles at functions such as concerts, sporting events, school, and religious events. Private investigators are also among the private policing sector is one with the least amount of public contact. Private investigators are hired by individuals or businesses for a certain purpose and work mostly behind the scenes or undercover doing surveillance. Security guards, surveillance, monitors and investigators are among the few that make up private policing. Comparing Private and Public Policing Private police are seen to be concerned with the protection of personal and corporate interest whereas public police represent the interests of the public and seek to enforce the regulations of the judicial system. Private policing, in comparison to public policing, has been described as passive policing regarding active policing, or as proactive and preventative rather than reactive: in which public police generally react to the crime, private police through surveillance and presentation are seen to prevent crime. The ability of private security providers to select the tasks and duties that they perform is one of the major advantages that private policing has over public policing. Private security regulates entry, limits participation, and excludes on the basis of presumption signs of bad behavior. Some examples would be securing gated communities by checking for residency or employment; dress (T-shirts, bare feet) in businesses that require appropriate attire; and behavior (obscene language, loud radios, roller blades, skateboards). This is also referred to as â€Å"profiling,† which the public police have accused of many times. Unlike the public police, private police are not hampered by their regulatory actions by probable cause. Private policing usually operates behind the traditional and legal boundaries in which the public police cannot lawfully cross unless by invitation or probable cause. This leads to the private policing sector developing a â€Å"broader enterprise than public policing, with a wider range of functions. † Another major benefit with the private providers of security is their flexibility. They can, and will, perform most tasks they are paid to do. Their customers can demand a lot from them, because they are directly answerable to paying clients and their needs. The private entrepreneurs are also forced to ‘do right' by the market. If they fail, they will lose their money. Public police do not have the negotiation factor and are paid on salary, no matter how they perform or how efficient they are in performing their duties. Many have said that private policing is for the rich and public policing is for the poor. This could be effectively argued based on the fact that private policing is not designed to consider the general good for society, like public policing. Private policing is primarily protecting the interests of their paying clients and focuses more on â€Å"loss prevention,† rather than â€Å"crime prevention. † Private policing has been scrutinized and concern have expressed that private security can be overly intrusive, less than scrupulous in its adherence to self-imposed guidelines, and on occasion, the law, and threatening to civil liberties. This could be a direct effect of poor standards, low pay, poor training, lack of good background checks, and also strong competition among private security companies. Many criminologists have examined these factors affecting private policing and believe that the key to the problem lies in the issue of the accountability and regulation of the private security sector. Legitimacy is a problem among private policing because there are few, if any, statutes or laws that give the private security industry governmentally granted rights or powers. Although public policing does have higher standards, they are not regulated and accreditation is voluntary. Many police officers, both working and retired, take jobs in the private security sector for extra income. Obviously, poor training and lack of experience cannot pertain to these individuals; however it has been argued that by hiring these experienced individuals at a higher pay, decreases the pay and funds for training to those without experience. Conclusion Public and private policing are major components in the criminal justice field. It would be impossible for our communities to feel secure without the combination of both forces. The focus has been on public and private policing to interact effectively and cooperate with each other. Understanding the importance of one another's responsibilities and roles could lead to a great partnership. Throughout recent years, some law enforcement agencies have come to realize how to benefit from private policing. References T. Jones. (1998). Private Security and Public Policing. Retrieved April 19, 2010 from www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=o=30434190 Shearing and Stenning. (1983). The Interweaving of Public and Private Police. Retrieved on April 19, 2010 from web. mit. edu/gtmarx/www/private. html (May 12, 2009). Private security and public policing. Retrieved on April 19, 2010 from www. statcan. gc. ca †º †¦ †º 85-002-X_ †º _Juristat